WAIT(2)

WAIT(2) | System Calls Manual | WAIT(2)

# NAME

`wait`, `waitid`, `waitpid`, `wait6`, `wait4`, `wait3` —
wait for process termination

# LIBRARY

Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

# SYNOPSIS

`#include <sys/wait.h>`

pid_t
`wait`(int *status);

pid_t
`waitpid`(pid_t wpid, int *status, int options);

int
`waitid`(idtype_t idtype, id_t id, siginfo_t *info, int options);

`#include <sys/resource.h>`

pid_t
`wait3`(int *status, int options, struct rusage *rusage);

pid_t
`wait4`(pid_t wpid, int *status, int options, struct rusage *rusage);

pid_t
`wait6`(idtype_t idtype, id_t id, int *status, int options, struct wrusage *wrusage, siginfo_t *infop);

# DESCRIPTION

The `wait`() function suspends execution of its calling process until status information is available for a terminated child process, or a signal is received. On return from a successful `wait`() call, the status area contains termination information about the process that exited as defined below.

The `wait4`() and `wait6`() call provides a more general interface for programs that need to wait for certain child processes, that need resource utilization statistics accumulated by child processes, or that require options. The other wait functions are implemented using `wait4`(). or `wait6`().

The `wait6`() function is the most general function in this family and its distinct features are:

All of the desired process statuses to be waited on must be explicitly specified in options. The `wait`(), `waitpid`(), `wait3`(), and `wait4`() functions all implicitly wait for exited and trapped processes, but the `waitid`() and `wait6`() functions require the corresponding `WEXITED` and `WTRAPPED` flags to be explicitly specified. This allows waiting for processes which have experienced other status changes without having to also handle the exit status from terminated processes.

The `wait6`() function accepts a wrusage argument which points to a structure defined as:

    struct wrusage {
    	struct rusage   wru_self;
    	struct rusage   wru_children;
    };

This allows the calling process to collect resource usage statistics from both its own child process as well as from its grand children. When no resource usage statistics are needed this pointer can be `NULL`.

The last argument infop must be either `NULL` or a pointer to a siginfo_t structure. If non-`NULL`, the structure is filled with the same data as for a `SIGCHLD` signal delivered when the process changed state.

The set of child processes to be queried is specified by the arguments idtype and id. The separate idtype and id arguments support many other types of identifiers in addition to process IDs and process group IDs.

- If idtype is `P_PID`, `waitid`() and `wait6`() wait for the child process with a process ID equal to `(pid_t)id`.
- If idtype is `P_PGID`, `waitid`() and `wait6`() wait for the child process with a process group ID equal to `(pid_t)id`.
- If idtype is `P_ALL`, `waitid`() and `wait6`() wait for any child process and the `id` is ignored.
- If idtype is `P_PID` or `P_PGID` and the `id` is zero, `waitid`() and `wait6`() wait for any child process in the same process group as the caller.

Non-standard identifier types supported by this implementation of `waitid`() and `wait6`() are:

`P_UID`
  Wait for processes whose effective user ID is equal to `(uid_t)` id.
`P_GID`
  Wait for processes whose effective group ID is equal to `(gid_t)` id.
`P_SID`
  Wait for processes whose session ID is equal to id. If the child process started its own session, its session ID will be the same as its process ID. Otherwise the session ID of a child process will match the caller's session ID.

For the `waitpid`() and `wait4`() functions, the single wpid argument specifies the set of child processes for which to wait. The following symbolic constants are defined in `<sys/wait.h>`

    #define WAIT_ANY        (-1)    /* any process */
    #define WAIT_MYPGRP     0       /* any process in my process group */

- If wpid is `WAIT_ANY`, the call waits for any child process.
- If wpid is `WAIT_MYPGRP`, the call waits for any child process in the process group of the caller.
- If wpid is greater than zero, the call waits for the process with process ID wpid.
- If wpid is less than -1, the call waits for any process whose process group ID equals the absolute value of wpid.

The status argument is defined below.

The options argument contains the bitwise OR of any of the following options.

`WALLSIG`
  If this option is specified, the call will wait for all children regardless of what exit signal they post.
`WALTSIG`
  If this option is specified, the call will wait only for processes that are configured to post a signal other than `SIGCHLD` when they exit. If `WALTSIG` is not specified, the call will wait only for processes that are configured to post `SIGCHLD`.
`WCONTINUED`
  Report the status of selected processes that have continued from a job control stop by receiving a `SIGCONT` signal.
`WEXITED`
  Report the status of selected processes which have terminated. This flag is implicitly set for the functions `wait`(), `waitpid`(), `wait3`(), and `wait4`().
  For the `waitid`() and `wait6`() functions, the flag has to be explicitly included in options if status reports from terminated processes are expected.
`WNOHANG`
  Do not block when there are no processes wishing to report status.
`WNOWAIT`
  Keep the process whose status is returned in a waitable state. The process may be waited for again after this call completes.
`WNOZOMBIE`
  Exclude zombie processes from the child selection criteria.
`WSTOPPED`
  An alias for `WUNTRACED`.
`WTRAPPED`
  Report the status of selected processes which are being traced via ptrace(2) and have trapped or reached a breakpoint. This flag is implicitly set for the functions `wait`(), `waitpid`(), `wait3`(), and `wait4`().
  For the `waitid`() and `wait6`() functions, the flag has to be explicitly included in options if status reports from trapped processes are expected.
`WUNTRACED`
  Report the status of selected processes which are stopped due to a `SIGTTIN`, `SIGTTOU`, `SIGTSTP`, or `SIGSTOP` signal.
`__WALL`
  This is an alias for `WALLSIG`. It is provided for compatibility with the Linux clone(2) API .
`__WCLONE`
  This is an alias for `WALTSIG`. It is provided for compatibility with the Linux clone(2) API.

For the `waitid`() and `wait6`() functions, at least one of the options `WEXITED`, `WUNTRACED`, `WSTOPPED`, `WTRAPPED`, or `WCONTINUED` must be specified. Otherwise there will be no events for the call to report. To avoid hanging indefinitely in such a case these functions return -1 with `errno` set to `EINVAL`.

If rusage is non-`NULL`, a summary of the resources used by the terminated process and all its children is returned.

If wrusage is non-`NULL`, separate summaries are returned for the resources used by the terminated process and the resources used by all its children.

If infop is non-`NULL`, a `siginfo_t` structure is returned with the si_signo field set to `SIGCHLD` and the si_pid field set to the process ID of the process reporting status. For the exited process, the si_status field of the `siginfo_t` structure contains the full 32 bit exit status passed to _exit(2); the status argument of other calls only returns 8 lowest bits of the exit status.

When the `WNOHANG` option is specified and no processes wish to report status, `waitid`() sets the si_signo and si_pid fields in infop to zero. Checking these fields is the only way to know if a status change was reported.

When the `WNOHANG` option is specified and no processes wish to report status, `wait4`() returns a process id of 0.

The `waitpid`() call is identical to `wait4`() with an rusage value of zero. The older `wait3`() call is the same as `wait4`() with a wpid value of -1.

The following macros may be used to test the manner of exit of the process. Note that these macros expect the status value itself, not a pointer to the status value. One of the first three macros will evaluate to a non-zero (true) value:

`WIFEXITED`(status)
  True if the process terminated normally by a call to _exit(2) or exit(3).
`WIFSIGNALED`(status)
  True if the process terminated due to receipt of a signal.
`WIFSTOPPED`(status)
  True if the process has not terminated, but has stopped and can be restarted. This macro can be true only if the wait call specified the `WUNTRACED` option or if the child process is being traced (see ptrace(2)).
`WIFCONTINUED`(status)
  True if the process has not terminated, but has been continued via the delivery of the `SIGCONT` signal. This macro can be true only if the wait call specified the `WCONTINUED` option.

Depending on the values of those macros, the following macros produce the remaining status information about the child process:

`WEXITSTATUS`(status)
  If `WIFEXITED`(status) is true, evaluates to the low-order 8 bits of the argument passed to _exit(2) or exit(3) by the child.
`WTERMSIG`(status)
  If `WIFSIGNALED`(status) is true, evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the termination of the process.
`WCOREDUMP`(status)
  If `WIFSIGNALED`(status) is true, evaluates as true if the termination of the process was accompanied by the creation of a core file containing an image of the process when the signal was received.
`WSTOPSIG`(status)
  If `WIFSTOPPED`(status) is true, evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the process to stop.

# NOTES

See sigaction(2) for a list of termination signals. A status of 0 indicates normal termination.

If a parent process terminates without waiting for all of its child processes to terminate, the remaining child processes are assigned the parent process 1 ID (the init process ID).

If a signal is caught while any of the `wait`() calls is pending, the call may be interrupted or restarted when the signal-catching routine returns, depending on the options in effect for the signal; see siginterrupt(3).

# RETURN VALUES

If `wait`() returns due to a stopped or terminated child process, the process ID of the child is returned to the calling process. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

If `wait6`(), `wait4`(), `wait3`() or `waitpid`() returns due to a stopped or terminated child process, the process ID of the child is returned to the calling process. If there are no children not previously awaited, -1 is returned with errno set to [`ECHILD`]. Otherwise, if `WNOHANG` is specified and there are no stopped or exited children, 0 is returned. If an error is detected or a caught signal aborts the call, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

If `waitid`() returns because one or more processes have a state change to report, 0 is returned. If an error is detected, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error. If `WNOHANG` is specified and there are no stopped, continued or exited children, 0 is returned. The si_signo and si_pid fields of infop must be checked against zero to determine if a process reported status.

# ERRORS

`wait`() will fail and return immediately if:

[`ECHILD`]
  The calling process has no existing unwaited-for child processes; or no status from the terminated child process is available because the calling process has asked the system to discard such status by ignoring the signal `SIGCHLD` or setting the flag `SA_NOCLDWAIT` for that signal.
[`EFAULT`]
  The status or rusage arguments point to an illegal address. (May not be detected before exit of a child process.)
[`EINTR`]
  The call was interrupted by a caught signal, or the signal did not have the `SA_RESTART` flag set.

In addition, `wait6`(), `wait3`(), `wait4`(), `waitid`(), and `waitpid`() will fail and return immediately if:

[`EINVAL`]
  An invalid value was specified for options.

# SEE ALSO

_exit(2), fork(2), ptrace(2), sigaction(2), siginfo(2), exit(3), siginterrupt(3)

# STANDARDS

The `wait`() and `waitpid`() functions conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-1990 (“POSIX.1”); the `waitid`() function conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2004 (“POSIX.1”); the `wait3`() function conforms to X/Open Portability Guide Issue 4 (“XPG4”); `wait4`() is an extension. The `WCOREDUMP`() macro and the ability to restart a pending `wait`() call are extensions to the POSIX interface.

# HISTORY

A `wait`() function call appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.

September 2, 2019 | NetBSD 9.4