LD.AOUT_SO(1)

LD.AOUT_SO(1) | General Commands Manual | LD.AOUT_SO(1)

# NAME

`ld.aout_so` —
run-time link-editor

# DESCRIPTION

`ld.aout_so` is a self-contained, position independent program image providing run-time support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process' address space. It uses the data structures (see link(5)) contained within dynamically linked programs to determine which shared libraries are needed and loads them at a convenient virtual address using the mmap(2) system call.

After all shared libraries have been successfully loaded, `ld.aout_so` proceeds to resolve external references from both the main program and all objects loaded. A mechanism is provided for initialization routines to be called, on a per-object basis, giving a shared object an opportunity to perform any extra set-up, before execution of the program proper begins. `ld.aout_so` looks for a symbol named .init in each object's symbol table. If present, this symbol is assumed to represent a C-function declared as void `.init`(void), which is then called. Similarly, a void `.fini`(void) function is called just before an object is unloaded from the process address space as a result of calling dlclose(3). Note that while an object's .init is always called, whether the object is loaded automatically at program startup or programmatically by using dlopen(3), the .fini function is called only on ‘last dlclose(3)’.

This mechanism is exploited by the system-supplied C++ constructor initialization code located in /usr/lib/c++rt.o. This file should be included in the list of object-code files passed to ld(1) when building a shared C++ library.

`ld.aout_so` is itself a shared object that is initially loaded by the startup module crt0. Since a.out(5) formats do not provide easy access to the file header from within a running process, crt0 uses the special symbol _DYNAMIC to determine whether a program is in fact dynamically linked or not. Whenever the linker ld(1) has relocated this symbol to a location other than 0, crt0 assumes the services of `ld.aout_so` are needed (see link(5) for details). crt0 passes control to `rtld`'s entry point before the program's `main`() routine is called. Thus, `ld.aout_so` can complete the link-editing process before the dynamic program calls upon services of any dynamic library.

To quickly locate the required shared objects in the filesystem, `ld.aout_so` may use a “hints” file, prepared by the ldconfig(8) utility, in which the full path specification of the shared objects can be looked up by hashing on the 3-tuple ⟨library-name, major-version-number, minor-version-number⟩.

`ld.aout_so` recognizes a number of environment variables that can be used to modify its behavior as follows:

`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`
  A colon separated list of directories, overriding the default search path for shared libraries.
`LD_PRELOAD`
  A colon separated list of shared object filenames to be loaded after the main program but before its shared object dependencies.
`LD_WARN_NON_PURE_CODE`
  When set, issue a warning whenever a link-editing operation requires modification of the text segment of some loaded object. This is usually indicative of an incorrectly built library.
`LD_SUPPRESS_WARNINGS`
  When set, no warning messages of any kind are issued. Normally, a warning is given if satisfactorily versioned library could not be found.
`LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS`
  When set, causes `ld.aout_so` to exit after loading the shared objects and printing a summary which includes the absolute pathnames of all objects, to standard output.
`LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT1`
`LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT2`
  When set, these variables are interpreted as format strings a la printf(3) to customize the trace output and are used by ldd(1)'s `-f` option and allows ldd(1) to be operated as a filter more conveniently. The following conversions can be used:
  %a
    The main program's name (also known as “__progname”).
  %A
    The value of the environment variable `LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_PROGNAME`
  %o
    The library name.
  %m
    The library's major version number.
  %n
    The library's minor version number.
  %p
    The full pathname as determined by `rtld`'s library search rules.
  %x
    The library's load address.

  Additionally, \n and \t are recognized and have their usual meaning.

`LD_NO_INTERN_SEARCH`
  When set, `ld.aout_so` does not process any internal search paths that were recorded in the executable.
`LD_NOSTD_PATH`
  When set, do not include a set of built-in standard directory paths for searching. This might be useful when running on a system with a completely non-standard filesystem layout.

# FILES

/var/run/ld.so.hints
  library location hints built by ldconfig(8)

# SEE ALSO

ld(1), ld.elf_so(1), ld.so(1), link(5), ldconfig(8)

# HISTORY

The shared library model employed first appeared in SunOS 4.0.

# SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

The environment variables `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_PRELOAD` are not honored when executing in a set-user-ID or set-group-ID environment. This action is taken to prevent malicious substitution of shared object dependencies or interposition of symbols.

January 1, 2011 | NetBSD 9.5