Network Working Group S. Kousidis
Internet-Draft BSI
Intended status: Informational J. Roth
Expires: 10 August 2025 F. Strenzke
MTG AG
A. Wussler
Proton AG
6 February 2025
Post-Quantum Cryptography in OpenPGP
draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-07
Abstract
This document defines a post-quantum public-key algorithm extension
for the OpenPGP protocol. Given the generally assumed threat of a
cryptographically relevant quantum computer, this extension provides
a basis for long-term secure OpenPGP signatures and ciphertexts.
Specifically, it defines composite public-key encryption based on ML-
KEM (formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber), composite public-key signatures based
on ML-DSA (formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium), both in combination with
elliptic curve cryptography, and SLH-DSA (formerly SPHINCS+) as a
standalone public key signature scheme.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Status information for this document may be found at
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc/.
Discussion of this document takes place on the WG Working Group
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Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/openpgp-pqc/draft-openpgp-pqc.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Conventions used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1. Terminology for Multi-Algorithm Schemes . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Post-Quantum Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1. ML-KEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2. ML-DSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3. SLH-DSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Elliptic Curve Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4. Standalone and Multi-Algorithm Schemes . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1. Standalone and Composite Multi-Algorithm Schemes . . 7
1.4.2. Non-Composite Algorithm Combinations . . . . . . . . 7
2. Supported Public Key Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1. Algorithm Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.1. Experimental Codepoints for Interop Testing . . . . . 8
3. Algorithm Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. Composite KEMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Composite Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Multiple Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4. ECC requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Composite KEM schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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4.1. Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.1. ECDH KEMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.2. ML-KEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2. Composite Encryption Schemes with ML-KEM . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1. Key combiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2. Key generation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.3. Encryption procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.4. Decryption procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3. Packet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3.1. Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1) . . 17
4.3.2. Key Material Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Composite Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1. Building blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1.1. EdDSA-Based signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1.2. ML-DSA signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2. Composite Signature Schemes with ML-DSA . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.1. Signature data digest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.2. Key generation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.3. Signature Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.4. Signature Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3. Packet Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3.1. Signature Packet (Tag 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3.2. Key Material Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. SLH-DSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1. The SLH-DSA Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.1. Signature Data Digest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.2. Key generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.3. Signature Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.4. Signature Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2. Packet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.1. Signature Packet (Tag 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.2. Key Material Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. Notes on Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.1. Symmetric Algorithms for SEIPD Packets . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2. Hash Algorithms for Key Binding Signatures . . . . . . . 25
8. Migration Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1. Key preference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.2. Key generation strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.1. Security Aspects of Composite Signatures . . . . . . . . 27
9.2. Key combiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.2.1. Domain separation and context binding . . . . . . . . 28
9.3. ML-DSA and SLH-DSA hedged variants . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.4. Binding hashes in signatures with signature algorithms . 29
9.5. Symmetric Algorithms for SEIPD Packets . . . . . . . . . 29
9.6. Key generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10. Additional considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.1. Performance Considerations for SLH-DSA . . . . . . . . . 29
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11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
12. Changelog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.1. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.2. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.3. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.4. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.5. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.6. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.7. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.8. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.9. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.10. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.11. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.12. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
13. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix A. Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.1. Sample Ed25519 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data . . . . . . . 38
A.1.1. Transferable Secret Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.1.2. Transferable Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.1.3. Encrypted and Signed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
A.2. Sample ML-DSA-65+Ed25519 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data . . 43
A.2.1. Transferable Secret Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A.2.2. Transferable Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
A.2.3. Encrypted and Signed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A.3. Sample ML-DSA-87+Ed448 with ML-KEM-1024+X448 Data . . . . 59
A.3.1. Transferable Secret Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A.3.2. Transferable Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A.3.3. Encrypted and Signed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
A.4. Sample SLH-DSA-128s+Ed448 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data . . 80
A.4.1. Transferable Secret Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
A.4.2. Transferable Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A.4.3. Encrypted and Signed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
1. Introduction
The OpenPGP protocol supports various traditional public-key
algorithms based on the factoring or discrete logarithm problem. As
the security of algorithms based on these mathematical problems is
endangered by the advent of quantum computers, there is a need to
extend OpenPGP by algorithms that remain secure in the presence of
quantum computers.
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Such cryptographic algorithms are referred to as post-quantum
cryptography. The algorithms defined in this extension were chosen
for standardization by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in mid 2022 [NISTIR-8413] as the result of the NIST
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process initiated in 2016
[NIST-PQC]. Namely, these are ML-KEM [FIPS-203] as a Key
Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM), a KEM being a modern building block
for public-key encryption, and ML-DSA [FIPS-204] as well as SLH-DSA
[FIPS-205] as signature schemes.
For the two ML-* schemes, this document follows the conservative
strategy to deploy post-quantum in combination with traditional
schemes such that the security is retained even if all schemes but
one in the combination are broken. In contrast, the stateless hash-
based signature scheme SLH-DSA is considered to be sufficiently well
understood with respect to its security assumptions in order to be
used standalone. To this end, this document specifies the following
new set: SLH-DSA standalone and the two ML-* as composite with ECC-
based KEM and digital signature schemes. Here, the term "composite"
indicates that any data structure or algorithm pertaining to the
combination of the two components appears as single data structure or
algorithm from the protocol perspective.
The document specifies the conventions for interoperability between
compliant OpenPGP implementations that make use of this extension and
the newly defined algorithms or algorithm combinations.
1.1. Conventions used in this Document
1.1.1. Terminology for Multi-Algorithm Schemes
The terminology in this document is oriented towards the definitions
in [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology]. Specifically, the terms
"multi-algorithm", "composite" and "non-composite" are used in
correspondence with the definitions therein. The abbreviation "PQ"
is used for post-quantum schemes. To denote the combination of post-
quantum and traditional schemes, the abbreviation "PQ/T" is used.
The short form "PQ(/T)" stands for PQ or PQ/T.
1.2. Post-Quantum Cryptography
This section describes the individual post-quantum cryptographic
schemes. All schemes listed here are believed to provide security in
the presence of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer.
However, the mathematical problems on which the two ML-* schemes and
SLH-DSA are based, are fundamentally different, and accordingly the
level of trust commonly placed in them as well as their performance
characteristics vary.
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[Note to the reader: This specification refers to the NIST PQC draft
standards FIPS 203, FIPS 204, and FIPS 205 as if they were a final
specification. This is a temporary solution until the final versions
of these documents are available. The goal is to provide a
sufficiently precise specification of the algorithms already at the
draft stage of this specification, so that it is possible for
implementers to create interoperable implementations. Furthermore,
we want to point out that, depending on possible future changes to
the draft standards by NIST, this specification may be updated as
soon as corresponding information becomes available.]
1.2.1. ML-KEM
ML-KEM [FIPS-203] is based on the hardness of solving the Learning
with Errors problem in module lattices (MLWE). The scheme is
believed to provide security against cryptanalytic attacks by
classical as well as quantum computers. This specification defines
ML-KEM only in composite combination with ECDH encryption schemes in
order to provide a pre-quantum security fallback.
1.2.2. ML-DSA
ML-DSA [FIPS-204] is a signature scheme that, like ML-KEM, is based
on the hardness of solving the Learning With Errors problem and a
variant of the Short Integer Solution problem in module lattices
(MLWE and SelfTargetMSIS). Accordingly, this specification only
defines ML-DSA in composite combination with EdDSA signature schemes.
1.2.3. SLH-DSA
SLH-DSA [FIPS-205] is a stateless hash-based signature scheme. Its
security relies on the hardness of finding preimages for
cryptographic hash functions. This feature is generally considered
to be a high security guarantee. Therefore, this specification
defines SLH-DSA as a standalone signature scheme.
In deployments the performance characteristics of SLH-DSA should be
taken into account. We refer to Section 10.1 for a discussion of the
performance characteristics of this scheme.
1.3. Elliptic Curve Cryptography
The ECDH encryption is defined here as a KEM via X25519 and X448
which are defined in [RFC7748]. EdDSA as defined in [RFC8032] is
used as the elliptic curve-based digital signature scheme.
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1.4. Standalone and Multi-Algorithm Schemes
This section provides a categorization of the new algorithms and
their combinations.
1.4.1. Standalone and Composite Multi-Algorithm Schemes
This specification introduces new cryptographic schemes, which can be
categorized as follows:
* PQ/T multi-algorithm public-key encryption, namely a composite
combination of ML-KEM with an ECDH KEM,
* PQ/T multi-algorithm digital signature, namely composite
combinations of ML-DSA with EdDSA signature schemes,
* PQ digital signature, namely SLH-DSA as a standalone cryptographic
algorithm.
For each of the composite schemes, this specification mandates that
the consuming party has to successfully perform the cryptographic
algorithms for each of the component schemes used in a cryptographic
message, in order for the message to be deciphered and considered as
valid. This means that all component signatures must be verified
successfully in order to achieve a successful verification of the
composite signature. In the case of the composite public-key
decryption, each of the component KEM decapsulation operations must
succeed.
1.4.2. Non-Composite Algorithm Combinations
As the OpenPGP protocol [RFC9580] allows for multiple signatures to
be applied to a single message, it is also possible to realize non-
composite combinations of signatures. Furthermore, multiple OpenPGP
signatures may be combined on the application layer. These latter
two cases realize non-composite combinations of signatures.
Section 3.3 specifies how implementations should handle the
verification of such combinations of signatures.
Furthermore, the OpenPGP protocol also allows parallel encryption to
different keys by using multiple PKESK packets, thus realizing non-
composite multi-algorithm public-key encryption.
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2. Supported Public Key Algorithms
This section specifies the composite ML-KEM + ECDH and ML-DSA + EdDSA
schemes as well as the standalone SLH-DSA signature scheme. All of
these schemes are fully specified via their algorithm ID, i.e., they
are not parametrized.
2.1. Algorithm Specifications
For encryption, the following composite KEM schemes are specified:
+==============+===================+=============+============+
| ID | Algorithm | Requirement | Definition |
+==============+===================+=============+============+
| TBD (105 for | ML-KEM-768+X25519 | MUST | Section |
| testing) | | | 4.2 |
+--------------+-------------------+-------------+------------+
| TBD (106 for | ML-KEM-1024+X448 | SHOULD | Section |
| testing) | | | 4.2 |
+--------------+-------------------+-------------+------------+
Table 1: KEM algorithm specifications
For signatures, the following (composite) signature schemes are
specified:
+====+====================+=============+=============+
| ID | Algorithm | Requirement | Definition |
+====+====================+=============+=============+
| 30 | ML-DSA-65+Ed25519 | MUST | Section 5.2 |
+----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+
| 31 | ML-DSA-87+Ed448 | SHOULD | Section 5.2 |
+----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+
| 32 | SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s | MAY | Section 6.1 |
+----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+
| 33 | SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128f | MAY | Section 6.1 |
+----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+
| 34 | SLH-DSA-SHAKE-256s | MAY | Section 6.1 |
+----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+
Table 2: Signature algorithm specifications
2.1.1. Experimental Codepoints for Interop Testing
[ Note: this section to be removed before publication ]
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The use of private/experimental codepoints during development are
intended to be used in non-released software only, for
experimentation and interop testing purposes only. An OpenPGP
implementation MUST NOT produce a formal release using these
experimental codepoints. This draft will not be sent to IANA without
every listed algorithm having a non-experimental codepoint.
3. Algorithm Combinations
3.1. Composite KEMs
The ML-KEM + ECDH public-key encryption involves both the ML-KEM and
an ECDH KEM in an a priori non-separable manner. This is achieved
via KEM combination, i.e. both key encapsulations/decapsulations are
performed in parallel, and the resulting key shares are fed into a
key combiner to produce a single shared secret for message
encryption.
As explained in Section 1.4.2, the OpenPGP protocol inherently
supports parallel encryption to different keys. Note that the
confidentiality of a message is not post-quantum secure when
encrypting to different keys if at least one key does not support PQ/
T encryption schemes. In Section 8.1 it is explained how to deal
with multiple key scenarios.
3.2. Composite Signatures
The ML-DSA + EdDSA signature consists of independent ML-DSA and EdDSA
signatures, and an implementation MUST successfully validate both
signatures to state that the ML-DSA + EdDSA signature is valid.
3.3. Multiple Signatures
The OpenPGP message format allows multiple signatures of a message,
i.e. the attachment of multiple signature packets.
An implementation MAY sign a message with a traditional key and a
PQ(/T) key from the same sender. This ensures backwards
compatibility due to [RFC9580, Section 5.2.5] (https://www.rfc-
editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.5), since a legacy implementation
without PQ(/T) support can fall back on the traditional signature.
Newer implementations with PQ(/T) support MAY ignore the traditional
signature(s) during validation.
Implementations SHOULD consider the message correctly signed if at
least one of the non-ignored signatures validates successfully.
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[Note to the reader: The last requirement, that one valid signature
is sufficient to identify a message as correctly signed, is an
interpretation of [RFC9580, Section 5.2.5] (https://www.rfc-
editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.5).]
3.4. ECC requirements
Even though the zero point, also called the point at infinity, may
occur as a result of arithmetic operations on points of an elliptic
curve, it MUST NOT appear in any ECC data structure defined in this
document.
Furthermore, when performing the explicitly listed operations in
Section 4.1.1.1 or Section 4.1.1.2 it is REQUIRED to follow the
specification and security advisory mandated from the respective
elliptic curve specification.
4. Composite KEM schemes
4.1. Building Blocks
4.1.1. ECDH KEMs
In this section we define the encryption, decryption, and data
formats for the ECDH component of the composite algorithms.
Table 3 describes the ECDH-KEM parameters and artifact lengths. The
artifacts in Table 3 follow the encodings described in [RFC7748].
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+========================+=======================+==================+
| | X25519 | X448 |
+========================+=======================+==================+
| Algorithm ID reference | TBD (105 for | TBD (106 for |
| | testing) | testing) |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| Field size | 32 octets | 56 octets |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| ECDH-KEM | x25519Kem | x448Kem (Section |
| | (Section 4.1.1.1) | 4.1.1.2) |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| ECDH public key | 32 octets | 56 octets |
| | [RFC7748] | [RFC7748] |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| ECDH secret key | 32 octets | 56 octets |
| | [RFC7748] | [RFC7748] |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| ECDH ephemeral | 32 octets | 56 octets |
| | [RFC7748] | [RFC7748] |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| ECDH key share | 32 octets | 56 octets |
| | [RFC7748] | [RFC7748] |
+------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
Table 3: Montgomery curves parameters and artifact lengths
The various procedures to perform the operations of an ECDH KEM are
defined in the following subsections. Specifically, each of these
subsections defines the instances of the following operations:
(ecdhCipherText, ecdhKeyShare) <- ECDH-KEM.Encaps(ecdhPublicKey)
and
(ecdhKeyShare) <- ECDH-KEM.Decaps(ecdhSecretKey, ecdhCipherText, ecdhPublicKey)
To instantiate ECDH-KEM, one must select a parameter set from
Table 3.
4.1.1.1. X25519-KEM
The encapsulation and decapsulation operations of x25519kem are
described using the function X25519() and encodings defined in
[RFC7748]. The ecdhSecretKey is denoted as r, the ecdhPublicKey as
R, they are subject to the equation R = X25519(r, U(P)). Here, U(P)
denotes the u-coordinate of the base point of Curve25519.
The operation x25519Kem.Encaps() is defined as follows:
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1. Generate an ephemeral key pair {v, V} via V = X25519(v,U(P))
where v is a randomly generated octet string with a length of 32
octets
2. Compute the shared coordinate X = X25519(v, R) where R is the
recipient's public key ecdhPublicKey
3. Set the output ecdhCipherText to V
4. Set the output ecdhKeyShare to X
The operation x25519Kem.Decaps() is defined as follows:
1. Compute the shared coordinate X = X25519(r, V), where r is the
ecdhSecretKey and V is the ecdhCipherText
2. Set the output ecdhKeyShare to X
4.1.1.2. X448-KEM
The encapsulation and decapsulation operations of x448kem are
described using the function X448() and encodings defined in
[RFC7748]. The ecdhSecretKey is denoted as r, the ecdhPublicKey as
R, they are subject to the equation R = X25519(r, U(P)). Here, U(P)
denotes the u-coordinate of the base point of Curve448.
The operation x448.Encaps() is defined as follows:
1. Generate an ephemeral key pair {v, V} via V = X448(v,U(P)) where
v is a randomly generated octet string with a length of 56 octets
2. Compute the shared coordinate X = X448(v, R) where R is the
recipient's public key ecdhPublicKey
3. Set the output ecdhCipherText to V
4. Set the output ecdhKeyShare to X
The operation x448Kem.Decaps() is defined as follows:
1. Compute the shared coordinate X = X448(r, V), where r is the
ecdhSecretKey and V is the ecdhCipherText
2. Set the output ecdhKeyShare to X
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4.1.2. ML-KEM
ML-KEM features the following operations:
(mlkemCipherText, mlkemKeyShare) <- ML-KEM.Encaps(mlkemPublicKey)
and
(mlkemKeyShare) <- ML-KEM.Decaps(mlkemCipherText, mlkemSecretKey)
The above are the operations ML-KEM.Encaps and ML-KEM.Decaps defined
in [FIPS-203]. Note that mlkemPublicKey is the encapsulation and
mlkemSecretKey is the decapsulation key.
ML-KEM has the parametrization with the corresponding artifact
lengths in octets as given in Table 4. All artifacts are encoded as
defined in [FIPS-203].
+==============+=============+========+========+============+=======+
| Algorithm | ML-KEM | Public | Secret | Ciphertext | Key |
| ID | | key | key | | share |
| reference | | | | | |
+==============+=============+========+========+============+=======+
| TBD (105 | ML-KEM-768 | 1184 | 64 | 1088 | 32 |
| for | | | | | |
| testing) | | | | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------+--------+------------+-------+
| TBD (106 | ML-KEM-1024 | 1568 | 64 | 1568 | 32 |
| for | | | | | |
| testing) | | | | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------+--------+------------+-------+
Table 4: ML-KEM parameters artifact lengths in octets
To instantiate ML-KEM, one must select a parameter set from the
column "ML-KEM" of Table 4.
The procedure to perform ML-KEM.Encaps() is as follows:
1. Invoke (mlkemCipherText, mlkemKeyShare) <- ML-
KEM.Encaps(mlkemPublicKey), where mlkemPublicKey is the
recipient's public key
2. Set mlkemCipherText as the ML-KEM ciphertext
3. Set mlkemKeyShare as the ML-KEM symmetric key share
The procedure to perform ML-KEM.Decaps() is as follows:
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1. Invoke mlkemKeyShare <- ML-KEM.Decaps(mlkemCipherText,
mlkemSecretKey)
2. Set mlkemKeyShare as the ML-KEM symmetric key share
4.2. Composite Encryption Schemes with ML-KEM
Table 1 specifies the following ML-KEM + ECDH composite public-key
encryption schemes:
+========================+=============+===========+
| Algorithm ID reference | ML-KEM | ECDH-KEM |
+========================+=============+===========+
| TBD (105 for testing) | ML-KEM-768 | x25519Kem |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| TBD (106 for testing) | ML-KEM-1024 | x448Kem |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 5: ML-KEM + ECDH composite schemes
The ML-KEM + ECDH composite public-key encryption schemes are built
according to the following principal design:
* The ML-KEM encapsulation algorithm is invoked to create an ML-KEM
ciphertext together with an ML-KEM symmetric key share.
* The encapsulation algorithm of an ECDH KEM, namely X25519-KEM or
X448-KEM, is invoked to create an ECDH ciphertext together with an
ECDH symmetric key share.
* A Key-Encryption-Key (KEK) is computed as the output of a key
combiner that receives as input both of the above created
symmetric key shares and the protocol binding information.
* The session key for content encryption is then wrapped as
described in [RFC3394] using AES-256 as algorithm and the KEK as
key.
* The PKESK packet's algorithm-specific parts are made up of the ML-
KEM ciphertext, the ECDH ciphertext, and the wrapped session key.
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4.2.1. Key combiner
For the composite KEM schemes defined in Table 1 the following
procedure MUST be used to compute the KEK that wraps a session key.
The construction is a key derivation function compliant to
[SP800-56C], Section 4, based on SHA3-256. It is given by the
following algorithm, which computes the key encryption key KEK that
is used to wrap, i.e., encrypt, the session key.
// multiKeyCombine(mlkemKeyShare, mlkemCipherText, mlkemPublicKey,
// ecdhKeyShare, ecdhCipherText, ecdhPublicKey, algId)
//
// Input:
// mlkemKeyShare - the ML-KEM key share encoded as an octet string
// mlkemCipherText - the ML-KEM ciphertext encoded as an octet string
// mlkemPublicKey - the ML-KEM public key of the recipient as an octet string
// ecdhKeyShare - the ECDH key share encoded as an octet string
// ecdhCipherText - the ECDH ciphertext encoded as an octet string
// ecdhPublicKey - the ECDH public key of the recipient as an octet string
// algId - the OpenPGP algorithm ID of the public-key encryption algorithm
KEK = SHA3-256( mlkemKeyShare || ecdhKeyShare || ecdhCipherText || ecdhPublicKey
|| mlkemCipherText || mlkemPublicKey || algId || domSep )
return KEK
The value domSep is a constant set to the UTF-8 encoding of the
string "OpenPGPCompositeKDFv1", i.e.
domSep := 4F 70 65 6E 50 47 50 43 6F 6D 70 6F 73 69 74 65 4B 44 46 76 31
Note that this is in line with [I-D.ietf-lamps-pq-composite-kem] up
to mlkemCipherText || mlkemPublicKey || algId || domSep being the
OpenPGP-specific context information.
4.2.2. Key generation procedure
The implementation MUST generate the ML-KEM and the ECDH component
keys independently. ML-KEM key generation follows the specification
[FIPS-203] and the artifacts are encoded as fixed-length octet
strings as defined in Section 4.1.2. For ECDH this is done following
the relative specification in [RFC7748], and encoding the outputs as
fixed-length octet strings in the format specified in Table 3.
4.2.3. Encryption procedure
The procedure to perform public-key encryption with an ML-KEM + ECDH
composite scheme is as follows:
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1. Take the recipient's authenticated public-key packet pkComposite
and sessionKey as input
2. Parse the algorithm ID from pkComposite and set it as algId
3. Extract the ecdhPublicKey and mlkemPublicKey component from the
algorithm specific data encoded in pkComposite with the format
specified in Section 4.3.2.
4. Instantiate the ECDH-KEM and the ML-KEM depending on the
algorithm ID according to Table 5
5. Compute (ecdhCipherText, ecdhKeyShare) := ECDH-
KEM.Encaps(ecdhPublicKey)
6. Compute (mlkemCipherText, mlkemKeyShare) := ML-
KEM.Encaps(mlkemPublicKey)
7. Compute KEK := multiKeyCombine(mlkemKeyShare, mlkemCipherText,
mlkemPublicKey, ecdhKeyShare, ecdhCipherText, ecdhPublicKey,
algId, 256) as defined in Section 4.2.1
8. Compute C := AESKeyWrap(KEK, sessionKey) with AES-256 as per
[RFC3394] that includes a 64 bit integrity check
9. Output the algorithm specific part of the PKESK as
ecdhCipherText || mlkemCipherText || len(C, symAlgId) (||
symAlgId) || C, where both symAlgId and len(C, symAlgId) are
single octet fields, symAlgId denotes the symmetric algorithm ID
used and is present only for a v3 PKESK, and len(C, symAlgId)
denotes the combined octet length of the fields specified as the
arguments.
4.2.4. Decryption procedure
The procedure to perform public-key decryption with an ML-KEM + ECDH
composite scheme is as follows:
1. Take the matching PKESK and own secret key packet as input
2. From the PKESK extract the algorithm ID as algId and the wrapped
session key as encryptedKey
3. Check that the own and the extracted algorithm ID match
4. Parse the ecdhSecretKey and mlkemSecretKey from the algorithm
specific data of the own secret key encoded in the format
specified in Section 4.3.2
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5. Instantiate the ECDH-KEM and the ML-KEM depending on the
algorithm ID according to Table 5
6. Parse ecdhCipherText, mlkemCipherText, and C from encryptedKey
encoded as ecdhCipherText || mlkemCipherText || len(C,symAlgId)
(|| symAlgId) || C as specified in Section 4.3.1, where symAlgId
is present only in the case of a v3 PKESK.
7. Compute (ecdhKeyShare) := ECDH-KEM.Decaps(ecdhCipherText,
ecdhSecretKey, ecdhPublicKey)
8. Compute (mlkemKeyShare) := ML-KEM.Decaps(mlkemCipherText,
mlkemSecretKey)
9. Compute KEK := multiKeyCombine(mlkemKeyShare, mlkemCipherText,
mlkemPublicKey, ecdhKeyShare, ecdhCipherText, ecdhPublicKey,
algId) as defined in Section 4.2.1
10. Compute sessionKey := AESKeyUnwrap(KEK, C) with AES-256 as per
[RFC3394], aborting if the 64 bit integrity check fails
11. Output sessionKey
4.3. Packet specifications
4.3.1. Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1)
The algorithm-specific fields consists of the output of the
encryption procedure described in Section 4.2.3:
* A fixed-length octet string representing an ECDH ephemeral public
key in the format associated with the curve as specified in
Section 4.1.1.
* A fixed-length octet string of the ML-KEM ciphertext, whose length
depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 4.
* A one-octet size of the following fields.
* Only in the case of a v3 PKESK packet: a one-octet symmetric
algorithm identifier.
* The wrapped session key represented as an octet string.
Note that like in the case of the algorithms X25519 and X448
specified in [RFC9580], for the ML-KEM composite schemes, in the case
of a v3 PKESK packet, the symmetric algorithm identifier is not
encrypted. Instead, it is placed in plaintext after the
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mlkemCipherText and before the length octet preceding the wrapped
session key. In the case of v3 PKESK packets for ML-KEM composite
schemes, the symmetric algorithm used MUST be AES-128, AES-192 or
AES-256 (algorithm ID 7, 8 or 9).
In the case of a v3 PKESK, a receiving implementation MUST check if
the length of the unwrapped symmetric key matches the symmetric
algorithm identifier, and abort if this is not the case.
Implementations MUST NOT use the obsolete Symmetrically Encrypted
Data packet (tag 9) to encrypt data protected with the algorithms
described in this document.
4.3.2. Key Material Packets
The composite ML-KEM + ECDH schemes MUST be used only with v6 keys,
as defined in [RFC9580], or newer versions defined by updates of that
document.
The algorithm-specific public key is this series of values:
* A fixed-length octet string representing an EC point public key,
in the point format associated with the curve specified in
Section 4.1.1.
* A fixed-length octet string containing the ML-KEM public key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 4.
The algorithm-specific secret key is these two values:
* A fixed-length octet string of the encoded secret scalar, whose
encoding and length depend on the algorithm ID as specified in
Section 4.1.1.
* A fixed-length octet string containing the ML-KEM secret key in
seed format, whose length is 64 octets (compare Table 4). The
seed format is defined in accordance with [FIPS-203], Section 3.3.
Namely, the secret key is given by the concatenation of the values
of d and z, generated in steps 1 and 2 of ML-KEM.KeyGen
[FIPS-203], each of a length of 32 octets. Upon parsing the
private key format, or before using the secret key, for the
expansion of the key, the function ML-KEM.KeyGen_internal
[FIPS-203] has to be invoked with the parsed values of d and z as
input.
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5. Composite Signature Schemes
5.1. Building blocks
5.1.1. EdDSA-Based signatures
Throughout this specification EdDSA refers to the PureEdDSA variant
defined in [RFC8032].
To sign and verify with EdDSA the following operations are defined:
(eddsaSignature) <- EdDSA.Sign(eddsaSecretKey, dataDigest)
and
(verified) <- EdDSA.Verify(eddsaPublicKey, eddsaSignature, dataDigest)
The public and secret key, as well as the signature MUST be encoded
according to [RFC8032] as fixed-length octet strings. The following
table describes the EdDSA parameters and artifact lengths:
+==============+=========+=======+========+========+===========+
| Algorithm ID | Curve | Field | Public | Secret | Signature |
| reference | | size | key | key | |
+==============+=========+=======+========+========+===========+
| 30 | Ed25519 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 64 |
+--------------+---------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 31 | Ed448 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 114 |
+--------------+---------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+
Table 6: EdDSA parameters and artifact lengths in octets
5.1.2. ML-DSA signatures
Throughout this specification ML-DSA refers to the default pure and
hedged version of ML-DSA, i.e., in contrast to the pre-hash or
deterministic variant, defined in [FIPS-204].
For ML-DSA signature generation the default hedged version of ML-
DSA.Sign given in [FIPS-204] is used. That is, to sign with ML-DSA
the following operation is defined:
(mldsaSignature) <- ML-DSA.Sign(mldsaSecretKey, dataDigest)
For ML-DSA signature verification the algorithm ML-DSA.Verify given
in [FIPS-204] is used. That is, to verify with ML-DSA the following
operation is defined:
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(verified) <- ML-DSA.Verify(mldsaPublicKey, dataDigest, mldsaSignature)
ML-DSA has the parametrization with the corresponding artifact
lengths in octets as given in Table 7. All artifacts are encoded as
defined in [FIPS-204].
+========================+===========+========+========+===========+
| Algorithm ID reference | ML-DSA | Public | Secret | Signature |
| | | key | key | value |
+========================+===========+========+========+===========+
| 30 | ML-DSA-65 | 1952 | 32 | 3309 |
+------------------------+-----------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 31 | ML-DSA-87 | 2592 | 32 | 4627 |
+------------------------+-----------+--------+--------+-----------+
Table 7: ML-DSA parameters and artifact lengths in octets
5.2. Composite Signature Schemes with ML-DSA
5.2.1. Signature data digest
Signature data (i.e. the data to be signed) is digested prior to
signing operations, see [RFC9580, Section 5.2.4] (https://www.rfc-
editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.4). Composite ML-DSA + EdDSA
signatures MUST use the associated hash algorithm as specified in
Table 8 for the signature data digest. Signatures using other hash
algorithms MUST be considered invalid.
An implementation supporting a specific ML-DSA + EdDSA algorithm MUST
also support the matching hash algorithm.
+========================+===============+===============+
| Algorithm ID reference | Hash function | Hash function |
| | | ID reference |
+========================+===============+===============+
| 30 | SHA3-256 | 12 |
+------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| 31 | SHA3-512 | 14 |
+------------------------+---------------+---------------+
Table 8: Binding between ML-DSA + EdDSA and signature
data digest
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5.2.2. Key generation procedure
The implementation MUST generate the ML-DSA and the EdDSA component
keys independently. ML-DSA key generation follows the specification
[FIPS-204] and the artifacts are encoded as fixed-length octet
strings as defined in Section 5.1.2. For EdDSA this is done
following the relative specification in [RFC7748], and encoding the
artifacts as specified in Section 5.1.1 as fixed-length octet
strings.
5.2.3. Signature Generation
To sign a message M with ML-DSA + EdDSA the following sequence of
operations has to be performed:
1. Generate dataDigest according to [RFC9580, Section 5.2.4]
(https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.4)
2. Create the EdDSA signature over dataDigest with EdDSA.Sign() from
Section 5.1.1
3. Create the ML-DSA signature over dataDigest with ML-DSA.Sign()
from Section 5.1.2
4. Encode the EdDSA and ML-DSA signatures according to the packet
structure given in Section 5.3.1.
5.2.4. Signature Verification
To verify an ML-DSA + EdDSA signature the following sequence of
operations has to be performed:
1. Verify the EdDSA signature with EdDSA.Verify() from Section 5.1.1
2. Verify the ML-DSA signature with ML-DSA.Verify() from
Section 5.1.2
As specified in Section 3.2 an implementation MUST validate both
signatures, i.e. EdDSA and ML-DSA, successfully to state that a
composite ML-DSA + EdDSA signature is valid.
5.3. Packet Specifications
5.3.1. Signature Packet (Tag 2)
The composite ML-DSA + EdDSA schemes MUST be used only with v6
signatures, as defined in [RFC9580], or newer versions defined by
updates of that document.
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The algorithm-specific v6 signature parameters for ML-DSA + EdDSA
signatures consist of:
* A fixed-length octet string representing the EdDSA signature,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 6.
* A fixed-length octet string of the ML-DSA signature value, whose
length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 7.
5.3.2. Key Material Packets
The composite ML-DSA + EdDSA schemes MUST be used only with v6 keys,
as defined in [RFC9580], or newer versions defined by updates of that
document.
The algorithm-specific public key for ML-DSA + EdDSA keys is this
series of values:
* A fixed-length octet string representing the EdDSA public key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 6.
* A fixed-length octet string containing the ML-DSA public key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 7.
The algorithm-specific secret key for ML-DSA + EdDSA keys is this
series of values:
* A fixed-length octet string representing the EdDSA secret key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 6.
* A fixed-length octet string containing the ML-DSA secret key in
seed format, whose length is 32 octets (compare Table 7). The
seed format is defined in accordance with [FIPS-204],
Section 3.6.3. Namely, the secret key is given by the value xi
generated in step 1 of ML-DSA.KeyGen [FIPS-204]. Upon parsing the
private key format, or before using the secret key, for the
expansion of the key, the function ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal
[FIPS-204] has to be invoked with the parsed value of xi as input.
6. SLH-DSA
Throughout this specification SLH-DSA refers to the default pure and
hedged version of SLH-DSA defined in [FIPS-205].
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6.1. The SLH-DSA Algorithms
The following table lists the group of algorithm code points for the
SLH-DSA signature scheme and the corresponding artifact lengths.
This group of algorithms is henceforth referred to as "SLH-DSA code
points".
+========================+============+============+===========+
| Algorithm ID reference | SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA |
| | public key | secret key | signature |
+========================+============+============+===========+
| 32 | 32 | 64 | 7856 |
+------------------------+------------+------------+-----------+
| 33 | 32 | 64 | 17088 |
+------------------------+------------+------------+-----------+
| 34 | 64 | 128 | 29792 |
+------------------------+------------+------------+-----------+
Table 9: SLH-DSA algorithm code points and the corresponding
artifact lengths in octets.
6.1.1. Signature Data Digest
Signature data (i.e. the data to be signed) is digested prior to
signing operations, see [RFC9580, Section 5.2.4] (https://www.rfc-
editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.4). SLH-DSA signatures MUST use
the associated hash algorithm as specified in Table 10 for the
signature data digest. Signatures using other hash algorithms MUST
be considered invalid.
An implementation supporting a specific SLH-DSA algorithm code point
MUST also support the matching hash algorithm.
+========================+===============+===============+
| Algorithm ID reference | Hash function | Hash function |
| | | ID reference |
+========================+===============+===============+
| 32 | SHA3-256 | 12 |
+------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| 33 | SHA3-256 | 12 |
+------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| 34 | SHA3-512 | 14 |
+------------------------+---------------+---------------+
Table 10: Binding between SLH-DSA algorithm code
points and signature data hash algorithms
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6.1.2. Key generation
SLH-DSA key generation is performed via the algorithm SLH-DSA.KeyGen
as specified in [FIPS-205], and the artifacts are encoded as fixed-
length octet strings as defined in Section 6.1.
6.1.3. Signature Generation
SLH-DSA signature generation is performed via the algorithm SLH-
DSA.Sign as specified in [FIPS-205].
6.1.4. Signature Verification
SLH-DSA signature verification is performed via the algorithm SLH-
DSA.Verify as specified in [FIPS-205].
6.2. Packet specifications
6.2.1. Signature Packet (Tag 2)
The SLH-DSA algorithms MUST be used only with v6 signatures, as
defined in [RFC9580, Section 5.2.3] (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/
rfc9580#section-5.2.3).
The algorithm-specific part of a signature packet for an SLH-DSA
algorithm code point consists of:
* A fixed-length octet string of the SLH-DSA signature value, whose
length depends on the algorithm ID in the format specified in
Table 9.
6.2.2. Key Material Packets
The SLH-DSA algorithms code points MUST be used only with v6 keys, as
defined in [RFC9580], or newer versions defined by updates of that
document.
The algorithm-specific part of the public key consists of:
* A fixed-length octet string containing the SLH-DSA public key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 9.
The algorithm-specific part of the secret key consists of:
* A fixed-length octet string containing the SLH-DSA secret key,
whose length depends on the algorithm ID as specified in Table 9.
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7. Notes on Algorithms
7.1. Symmetric Algorithms for SEIPD Packets
Implementations MUST implement AES-256. An implementation SHOULD use
AES-256 in the case of a v1 SEIPD packet, or AES-256 with any
available AEAD mode in the case of a v2 SEIPD packet, if all
recipient certificates indicate support for it (explicitly or
implicitly).
A certificate that contains a PQ(/T) key SHOULD include AES-256 in
the "Preferred Symmetric Ciphers for v1 SEIPD" subpacket and SHOULD
include the pair AES-256 with OCB in the "Preferred AEAD
Ciphersuites" subpacket.
If AES-256 is not explicitly in the list of the "Preferred Symmetric
Ciphers for v1 SEIPD" subpacket, and if the certificate contains a
PQ/T key, it is implicitly at the end of the list. This is justified
since AES-256 is mandatory to implement. If AES-128 is also
implicitly added to the list, it is added after AES-256.
If the pair AES-256 with OCB is not explicitly in the list of the
"Preferred AEAD Ciphersuites" subpacket, and if the certificate
contains a PQ/T key, it is implicitly at the end of the list. This
is justified since AES-256 and OCB are mandatory to implement. If
the pair AES-128 with OCB is also implicitly added to the list, it is
added after the pair AES-256 with OCB.
7.2. Hash Algorithms for Key Binding Signatures
Subkey binding signatures over algorithms described in this document
and primary key binding signatures made by algorithms described in
this document MUST NOT be made with MD5, SHA-1, or RIPEMD-160. A
receiving implementation MUST treat such a signature as invalid.
8. Migration Considerations
The post-quantum KEM algorithms defined in Table 1 and the signature
algorithms defined in Table 2 are a set of new public key algorithms
that extend the algorithm selection of [RFC9580]. During the
transition period, the post-quantum algorithms will not be supported
by all clients. Therefore various migration considerations must be
taken into account, in particular backwards compatibility to existing
implementations that have not yet been updated to support the post-
quantum algorithms.
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8.1. Key preference
Implementations SHOULD prefer PQ(/T) keys when multiple options are
available. When encrypting to a certificate that has both a valid
PQ/T and a valid traditional encryption subkey, an implementation
SHOULD use the PQ/T subkey only. Furthermore, if an application has
any means to determine that encrypting to a PQ/T certificate and a
traditional certificate is redundant, it should omit encrypting to
the traditional certificate.
As specified in Section 3.1, the confidentiality of a message is not
post-quantum secure when using multiple PKESKs if at least one does
not use PQ/T encryption schemes. An implementation SHOULD NOT abort
the encryption process when encrypting a message to both PQ/T and
traditional keys to allow for a smooth transition to post-quantum
cryptography.
An implementation MAY sign with both a PQ(/T) and an ECC key using
multiple signatures over the same data as described in Section 3.3.
Signing only with PQ(/T) key material is not backwards compatible.
8.2. Key generation strategies
It is RECOMMENDED to generate fresh secrets when generating PQ(/T)
keys. Note that reusing key material from existing ECC keys in
PQ(/T) keys does not provide backwards compatibility.
An OpenPGP certificate is composed of a certification-capable primary
key and one or more subkeys for signature, encryption, and
authentication. Two migration strategies are recommended:
1. Generate two independent certificates, one for PQ(/T)-capable
implementations, and one for legacy implementations.
Implementations not understanding PQ(/T) certificates can use the
legacy certificate, while PQ(/T)-capable implementations will
prefer the newer certificate. This allows having a traditional
certificate for compatibility and a v6 PQ(/T) certificate, at a
greater complexity in key distribution.
2. Attach PQ(/T) encryption or signature subkeys to an existing
traditional v6 OpenPGP certificate. Implementations
understanding PQ(/T) will be able to parse and use the subkeys,
while PQ(/T)-incapable implementations can gracefully ignore
them. This simplifies key distribution, as only one certificate
needs to be communicated and verified, but leaves the primary key
vulnerable to quantum computer attacks.
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9. Security Considerations
9.1. Security Aspects of Composite Signatures
When multiple signatures are applied to a message, the question of
the protocol's resistance against signature stripping attacks
naturally arises. In a signature stripping attack, an adversary
removes one or more of the signatures such that only a subset of the
signatures remain in the message at the point when it is verified.
This amounts to a downgrade attack that potentially reduces the value
of the signature. It should be noted that the composite signature
schemes specified in this draft are not subject to a signature
stripping vulnerability. This is due to the fact that in any OpenPGP
signature, the hashed meta data includes the signature algorithm ID,
as specified in [RFC9580, Section 5.2.4] (https://www.rfc-
editor.org/rfc/rfc9580#section-5.2.4). As a consequence, a component
signature taken out of the context of a specific composite algorithm
is not a valid signature for any message.
Furthermore, it is also not possible to craft a new signature for a
message that was signed twice with a composite algorithm by
interchanging (i.e., remixing) the component signatures, which would
classify as a weak existential forgery. This is due to the fact that
each v6 signatures also includes a random salt at the start of the
hashed meta data, as also specified in the aforementioned reference.
9.2. Key combiner
For the key combination in Section 4.2.1 this specification limits
itself to the use of SHA3-256 in a construction following
[SP800-56C]. The sponge construction used by SHA3-256 was proven to
be indifferentiable from a random oracle [BDPA08]. This means, that
in contrast to SHA2, which uses a Merkle-Damgard construction, no
HMAC-based construction is required for key combination. It is
therefore sufficient to simply process the concatenation of any
number of key shares with a domain separation when using a sponge-
based construction like SHA3-256.
More precisely, for a given capacity c the indifferentiability proof
shows that assuming there are no weaknesses found in the Keccak
permutation, an attacker has to make an expected number of 2^(c/2)
calls to the permutation to tell SHA3-256 from a random oracle. For
a random oracle, a difference in only a single bit gives an
unrelated, uniformly random output. Hence, to be able to distinguish
a key K, derived from shared secrets SS1 and SS2 (with ciphertexts
CT1 and CT2 and public keys PK1 and PK2) as
K = SHA3-256(SS1 || SS2 || CT2 || PK2 || CT1 || PK1 || algId || domSep)
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from a random bit string, an adversary has to know (or correctly
guess) both secret shares SS1 and SS2, entirely.
The proposed construction in Section 4.2.1 preserves IND-CCA2 of any
of its ingredient KEMs, i.e. the newly formed combined KEM is IND-
CCA2 secure as long as at least one of the ingredient KEMs is.
Indeed, the above stated indifferentiability from a random oracle
qualifies Keccak as a split-key pseudorandom function as defined in
[GHP18]. That is, Keccak behaves like a random function if at least
one input shared secret is picked uniformly at random. Our
construction can thus be seen as an instantiation of the IND-CCA2
preserving Example 3 in Figure 1 of [GHP18], up to some reordering of
input shared secrets and ciphertexts. In the random oracle setting,
the reordering does not influence the arguments in [GHP18]. That is,
in the post-quantum setting the construction inherits its IND-CCA2
security from any ingredient post-quantum IND-CCA2-secure KEM.
Note that the ECDH-KEMs described in this specification are not IND-
CCA2 secure as standalone schemes. However, regarding the pre-
quantum setting, it is argued in [BCD_24] that the construction
ensures IND-CCA2 security under some Diffie-Hellman intractability
assumption in a nominal group. Note that Curve25519 and Curve448
qualify as such [ABH_21].
9.2.1. Domain separation and context binding
The domSep information defined in Section 4.2.1 provides the domain
separation for the key combiner construction. This ensures that the
input keying material is used to generate a KEK for a specific
purpose.
The algorithm ID, passed as the algID parameter to multiKeyCombine,
binds the derived KEK to the chosen algorithm. The algorithm ID
identifies unequivocally the algorithm, the parameters for its
instantiation, and the length of all artifacts, including the derived
key.
The input of the public keys into multiKeyCombine binds the KEK to
the communication parties. The input of the ciphertexts binds the
KEK to the specific session.
9.3. ML-DSA and SLH-DSA hedged variants
This specification makes use of the default "hedged" variants of ML-
DSA and SLH-DSA, which mix fresh randomness into the respective
signature-generation algorithm's internal hashing step. This has the
advantage of an enhanced side-channel resistance of the signature
operations according to [FIPS-204] and [FIPS-205].
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9.4. Binding hashes in signatures with signature algorithms
In order not to extend the attack surface, we bind the hash algorithm
used for signature data digestion to the hash algorithm used
internally by the signature algorithm.
ML-DSA internally uses a SHAKE256 digest, therefore we require SHA3
in the ML-DSA + EdDSA signature packet, see Section 5.2.1. Note that
we bind a NIST security category 2 hash function to a signature
algorithm that falls into NIST security category 3. This does not
constitute a security bottleneck: because of the unpredictable random
salt that is prepended to the digested data in v6 signatures, the
hardness assumption is not collision resistance but second-preimage
resistance.
In the case of SLH-DSA the internal hash algorithm varies based on
the algorithm ID, see Section 6.1.1.
9.5. Symmetric Algorithms for SEIPD Packets
This specification mandates support for AES-256 for two reasons.
First, AES-KeyWrap with AES-256 is already part of the composite KEM
construction. Second, some of the PQ(/T) algorithms target the
security level of AES-256.
For the same reasons, this specification further recommends the use
of AES-256 if it is supported by all recipient certificates,
regardless of what the implementation would otherwise choose based on
the recipients' preferences. This recommendation should be
understood as a clear and simple rule for the selection of AES-256
for encryption. Implementations may also make more nuanced
decisions.
9.6. Key generation
When generating keys, this specification requires component keys to
be generated independently, and recommends not to reuse existing keys
for any of the components. Note that reusing a key across different
protocols may lead to signature confusion vulnerabilities, that
formally classify as signature forgeries. Generally, reusing a key
for different purposes may lead to subtle vulnerabilities.
10. Additional considerations
10.1. Performance Considerations for SLH-DSA
This specification introduces both ML-DSA + EdDSA as well as SLH-DSA
as PQ(/T) signature schemes.
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Generally, it can be said that ML-DSA + EdDSA provides a performance
in terms of execution time requirements that is close to that of
traditional ECC signature schemes. Regarding the size of signatures
and public keys, though, ML-DSA has far greater requirements than
traditional schemes like EC-based or even RSA signature schemes.
Implementers may want to offer SLH-DSA for applications where the
weaker security assumptions of a hash-based signature scheme are
required – namely only the 2nd preimage resistance of a hash function
– and thus a potentially higher degree of trust in the long-term
security of signatures is achieved. However, SLH-DSA has performance
characteristics in terms of execution time of the signature
generation as well as space requirements for the signature that are
even greater than those of ML-DSA + EdDSA signature schemes.
Pertaining to the execution time, the particularly costly operation
in SLH-DSA is the signature generation. Depending on the parameter
set, it can range from approximately the one hundred fold to more
than the two thousand fold of that of ML-DSA-87. These number are
based on the performance measurements published in the NIST
submissions for SLH-DSA and ML-DSA. In order to achieve fast
signature generation times, the algorithm SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128f ("f"
standing for "fast") should be chosen. This comes at the expense of
a larger signature size. This choice can be relevant in applications
where mass signing occurs or a small latency is required.
In order to minimize the space requirements of an SLH-DSA signature,
an algorithm ID with the name ending in "s" for "small" should be
chosen. This comes at the expense of a longer signature generation
time. In particular, SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s achieves the smallest
possible signature size, which is about the double size of an ML-
DSA-87 signature. Where a higher security level than 128 bit is
needed, SLH-DSA-SHAKE-256s can be used.
Unlike the signature generation time, the signature verification time
of SLH-DSA is not that much larger than that of other PQC schemes.
Based on the performance measurements published in the NIST
submissions for SLH-DSA and ML-DSA, the verification time of the SLH-
DSA is, for the parameters covered by this specification, larger than
that of ML-DSA-87 by a factor ranging from four (for -128s) over nine
(for -256s) to twelve (for -128f).
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11. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to add the algorithm IDs defined in Table 11 to the
existing registry OpenPGP Public Key Algorithms. The field
specifications enclosed in brackets for the ML-KEM + ECDH composite
algorithms denote fields that are only conditionally contained in the
data structure.
+===+============+=======+=======+=========+==============+=========+
|ID | Algorithm | Public| Secret|Signature| PKESK |Reference|
| | | Key| Key| Format| Format | |
| | | Format| Format| | | |
+===+============+=======+=======+=========+==============+=========+
|TBD| ML-KEM- | 32| 32| N/A| 32 octets | Section|
| | 768+X25519 | octets| octets| | X25519 | 4.2|
| | | X25519| X25519| | ciphertext, | |
| | | public| secret| | 1088 octets | |
| | | key| key| | ML-KEM-768 | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | ciphertext | |
| | | 3),| 3),| | [, 1 octet | |
| | | 1184| 2400| | algorithm | |
| | | octets| octets| | ID in case | |
| | | ML-| ML-| | of v3 | |
| | |KEM-768|KEM-768| | PKESK], 1 | |
| | | public|secret-| | octet | |
| | | key| key| | length | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | field of | |
| | | 4)| 4)| | value n, n | |
| | | | | | octets | |
| | | | | | wrapped | |
| | | | | | session key | |
| | | | | | (Section | |
| | | | | | 4.3.1) | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|TBD| ML-KEM- | 56| 56| N/A| 56 octets | Section|
| | 1024+X448 | octets| octets| | X448 | 4.2|
| | | X448| X448| | ciphertext, | |
| | | public| secret| | 1568 octets | |
| | | key| key| | ML-KEM-1024 | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | ciphertext | |
| | | 3),| 3),| | [, 1 octet | |
| | | 1568| 3168| | algorithm | |
| | | octets| octets| | ID in case | |
| | |ML-KEM-|ML-KEM-| | of v3 | |
| | | 1024| 1024| | PKESK], 1 | |
| | | public|secret-| | octet | |
| | | key| key| | length | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | field of | |
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| | | 4)| 4)| | value n, n | |
| | | | | | octets | |
| | | | | | wrapped | |
| | | | | | session key | |
| | | | | | (Section | |
| | | | | | 4.3.1) | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|30 | ML-DSA- | 32| 32|64 octets| N/A | Section|
| | 65+Ed25519 | octets| octets| Ed25519| | 5.2|
| | |Ed25519|Ed25519|signature| | |
| | | public| secret| (Table| | |
| | | key| key| 6), 3293| | |
| | | (Table| (Table| octets| | |
| | | 6),| 6),|ML-DSA-65| | |
| | | 1952| 4032|signature| | |
| | | octets| octets|(Table 7)| | |
| | | ML-| ML-| | | |
| | | DSA-65| DSA-65| | | |
| | | public| secret| | | |
| | | key| (Table| | | |
| | | (Table| 7)| | | |
| | | 7)| | | | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|31 | ML-DSA- | 57| 57| 114| N/A | Section|
| | 87+Ed448 | octets| octets| octets| | 5.2|
| | | Ed448| Ed448| Ed448| | |
| | | public| secret|signature| | |
| | | key| key| (Table| | |
| | | (Table| (Table| 6), 4595| | |
| | | 6),| 6),| octets| | |
| | | 2592| 4896|ML-DSA-87| | |
| | | octets| octets|signature| | |
| | | ML-| ML-|(Table 7)| | |
| | | DSA-87| DSA-87| | | |
| | | public| secret| | | |
| | | key| (Table| | | |
| | | (Table| 7)| | | |
| | | 7)| | | | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|32 | SLH-DSA- | 32| 64| 7856| N/A | Section|
| | SHAKE-128s | octets| octets| octets| | 6.1|
| | | public| secret|signature| | |
| | | key| key|(Table 9)| | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | | |
| | | 9)| 9)| | | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|33 | SLH-DSA- | 32| 64| 17088| N/A | Section|
| | SHAKE-128f | octets| octets| octets| | 6.1|
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| | | public| secret|signature| | |
| | | key| key|(Table 9)| | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | | |
| | | 9)| 9)| | | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
|34 | SLH-DSA- | 64| 128| 29792| N/A | Section|
| | SHAKE-256s | octets| octets| octets| | 6.1|
| | | public| secret|signature| | |
| | | key| key|(Table 9)| | |
| | | (Table| (Table| | | |
| | | 9)| 9)| | | |
+---+------------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+---------+
Table 11: IANA updates for registry 'OpenPGP Public Key Algorithms'
12. Changelog
12.1. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-01
* Shifted the algorithm IDs by 4 to align with the crypto-refresh.
* Renamed v5 packets into v6 to align with the crypto-refresh.
* Defined IND-CCA2 security for KDF and key combination.
* Added explicit key generation procedures.
* Changed the key combination KMAC salt.
* Mandated Parameter ID check in SPHINCS+ signature verification.
* Fixed key share size for Kyber-768.
* Added "Preliminaries" section.
* Fixed IANA considerations.
12.2. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-02
* Added the ephemeral and public key in the ECC key derivation
function.
* Removed public key hash from key combiner.
* Allowed v3 PKESKs and v4 keys with PQ algorithms, limiting them to
AES symmetric ciphers. for encryption with SEIPDv1, in line with
the crypto-refresh.
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12.3. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-03
* Replaced round 3 submission with NIST PQC Draft Standards FIPS
203, 204, 205.
* Added consideration about security level for hashes.
12.4. draft-wussler-openpgp-pqc-04
* Added Johannes Roth as author
12.5. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-00
* Renamed draft
12.6. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-01
* Mandated AES-256 as mandatory to implement.
* Added AES-256 / AES-128 with OCB implicitly to v1/v2 SEIPD
preferences of "PQ(/T) certificates".
* Added a recommendation to use AES-256 when possible.
* Swapped the optional v3 PKESK algorithm identifier with length
octet in order to align with X25519 and X448.
* Fixed ML-DSA private key size.
* Added test vectors.
* Correction and completion of IANA instructions.
12.7. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-02
* Removed git rebase artifact.
12.8. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-03
* Updated SLH-DSA by removing parametrization and restricting to
three SLH-DSA-SHAKE algorithm code points.
* Removed NIST and Brainpool curve hybrids, dropped ECDSA from the
current specification.
* Updated KDF as proposed at IETF 119.
* Removed whitespaces from composite algorithm names.
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* Explicitly disallowed SED (tag 9) and weak hashes when using PQ
algorithms.
12.9. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-04
* Fixed ML-DSA signature size.
* Fixed parameters order in PKESK description.
* Fixed missing inputs into KEM combination description.
* Improved parallel encryption guidance.
* Improved SED deprecation decscription.
* Added ML-DSA test vectors.
12.10. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-05
* Reworked KEM combiner for the purpose of NIST-compliance.
* Mandated v6 keys for ML-KEM + ECDH algorithms.
* Defined private key seed format for ML-KEM and ML-DSA.
* Added key generation security considerations.
* Replaced initial public drafts with FIPS 203, 204, 205.
12.11. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-06
* Fixed and improved test vectors.
12.12. draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc-07
* Assign code points 30 - 34 for ML-DSA and SLH-DSA algorithms.
* Align KEM combiner with LAMPS
* Drop CCA-conversion of X25519/X448
* Switch to hedged variant also for SLH-DSA
13. Contributors
Stephan Ehlen (BSI)
Carl-Daniel Hailfinger (BSI)
Andreas Huelsing (TU Eindhoven)
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14. References
14.1. Normative References
[RFC3394] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394,
September 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3394>.
[RFC7748] Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7748>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032>.
[RFC9580] Wouters, P., Ed., Huigens, D., Winter, J., and Y. Niibe,
"OpenPGP", RFC 9580, DOI 10.17487/RFC9580, July 2024,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9580>.
14.2. Informative References
[ABH_21] Alwen, J., Blanchet, B., Hauck, E., Kiltz, E., Lipp, B.,
and D. Riepel, "Analysing the HPKE Standard", 2021,
<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77870-5_4>.
[BCD_24] Barbosa, M., Connolly, D., Duarte, J. D., Kaiser, A.,
Schwabe, P., Varner, K., and B. Westerbaan, "X-Wing The
Hybrid KEM You’ve Been Looking For", 2024,
<https://doi.org/10.62056/a3qj89n4e>.
[BDPA08] Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peters, M., and G. Assche, "On
the Indifferentiability of the Sponge Construction", 2008,
<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78967-3_11>.
[FIPS-203] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Module-
Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard",
August 2024, <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203>.
[FIPS-204] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Module-
Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard", August 2024,
<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.204>.
[FIPS-205] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Stateless
Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard", August 2024,
<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.205>.
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[GHP18] Giacon, F., Heuer, F., and B. Poettering, "KEM Combiners",
2018, <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76578-5_7>.
[I-D.ietf-lamps-pq-composite-kem]
Ounsworth, M., Gray, J., Pala, M., Klaußner, J., and S.
Fluhrer, "Composite ML-KEM for use in X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure and CMS", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-kem-05, 21 October 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lamps-
pq-composite-kem-05>.
[I-D.ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology]
D, F., P, M., and B. Hale, "Terminology for Post-Quantum
Traditional Hybrid Schemes", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology-06, 10
January 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology-06>.
[NIST-PQC] Chen, L., Moody, D., and Y. Liu, "Post-Quantum
Cryptography Standardization", December 2016,
<https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography/
post-quantum-cryptography-standardization>.
[NISTIR-8413]
Alagic, G., Apon, D., Cooper, D., Dang, Q., Dang, T.,
Kelsey, J., Lichtinger, J., Miller, C., Moody, D.,
Peralta, R., Perlner, R., Robinson, A., Smith-Tone, D.,
and Y. Liu, "Status Report on the Third Round of the NIST
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process", NIST
IR 8413 , September 2022,
<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8413-upd1>.
[SP800-56A]
Barker, E., Chen, L., Roginsky, A., Vassilev, A., and R.
Davis, "Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key-Establishment
Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography", NIST
Special Publication 800-56A Rev. 3 , April 2018,
<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-56Ar3>.
[SP800-56C]
Barker, E., Chen, L., Roginsky, A., and R. Davis,
"Recommendation for Key-Derivation Methods in Key-
Establishment Schemes", NIST Special Publication 800-56C
Rev. 2 , August 2020,
<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-56Cr2>.
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Appendix A. Test Vectors
To help implementing this specification a set of non-normative
examples follow here.
A.1. Sample Ed25519 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data
A.1.1. Transferable Secret Key
Here is a Transferable Secret Key consisting of:
* A v6 Ed25519 Private-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 X25519 Private-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Private-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
The primary key has the fingerprint
7f81f9d0db7cf905ed375ba0057928075faff433a70b88c0a30a022ddeaf3ac9.
The first subkey has the fingerprint
e3ed45a07c5af795b7cc5a156738efb42301c10df886a341ede80fca4c99baa3.
The second subkey has the fingerprint
fecb6e4f8a9ad135c6b45e63d9016daf7706d7e8322fd6ed1d8b028f61d57ebe.
-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
xUsGUdDGgBsAAAAgDZb3fPA4Y7G87USs+N4VIxWY1uy4Rn4P/NA5x1KZCcsALrky
fvyxOFbcS1OZ1dW6zIrPCOPjzhYk/OjnvAhlmy3CrwYfGwoAAABABYJR0MaAAwsJ
BwMVCggCFgACmwMCHgkioQZ/gfnQ23z5Be03W6AFeSgHX6/0M6cLiMCjCgIt3q86
yQUnCQIHAgAAAAA9ACA/zE1ayus/liv6a8+PSW8Cl2JUv1+A6IL/wq20pJWaNG4I
yt+G4yxRfN6ca8WMIi8StUzcK1eo7CyX3Kvtj6dfqhJ45wlnV6A1VROojA9jcGIu
FG9u3ttf1hnnzlM1ngjNLlBRQyB1c2VyIChUZXN0IEtleSkgPHBxYy10ZXN0LWtl
eUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbT7CmwYTGwoAAAAsBYJR0MaAAhkBIqEGf4H50Nt8+QXtN1ug
BXkoB1+v9DOnC4jAowoCLd6vOskAAAAAqtUgo0qTqXJPVEDyLu74FId3ETgVp5gf
Nd1U/7aTBx6vGSCI2JOujbCaJC9HgG/tJXPhOlP05HPcNvLyx8XrxTrJY9cPtZS1
iVYpGULAUzvoy0eaAVPa6cxXtsSOdjNEVHsLx0sGUdDGgBkAAAAg/qSQQXVt99z6
jqGnnJ9qY/fh3WeuYA8K0U2gT3LabCQA0IyNT3OmzxszeuR1RM4gT8uHWUMVzj3O
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icmhn1FLNZvCmwYYGwoAAAAsBYJR0MaAApsMIqEGf4H50Nt8+QXtN1ugBXkoB1+v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-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
A.1.2. Transferable Public Key
Here is the corresponding Transferable Public Key for Appendix A.1.1
consisting of:
* A v6 Ed25519 Public-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 X25519 Public-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Public-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----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-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
A.1.3. Encrypted and Signed Message
Here is a signed message "Testing\n" encrypted to the certificate
Appendix A.1.2 and signed by the secret key Appendix A.1.1:
* A v3 PKESK
* A v1 SEIPD
The hex-encoded mlkemKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
925fd46093bf8a785b89f3757fedaa8dd9190766471d7e68c426630851d9621e.
The hex-encoded ecdhKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
d98c39a18dad9840e255c0b34c846089435617ee47f5764fad66e89abede9955.
The hex-encoded output of multiKeyCombine is
64ff5bc957bc99a784d455cb5575ca2898071bc6c0cf0332b269e23e7280e5ae.
The hex-encoded session key is
401aee9fa99486b10ee774fc5445ccc997fab51b19e05577304228351ffd5e0e.
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----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-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
A.2. Sample ML-DSA-65+Ed25519 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data
A.2.1. Transferable Secret Key
Here is a Transferable Secret Key consisting of:
* A v6 ML-DSA-65+Ed25519 Private-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Private-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
The primary key has the fingerprint
eef4c85ce59af6a4520432960079697ebbcd521dffc500e945209a284f535791.
The subkey has the fingerprint
5718270f6330b5482f4f5c24ca8ea2d826650ad202f39c91638c348e20a03aad.
-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----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, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
Na3Pn70JxYe5+jgh7gpgV+XTicNBNq9ERZGrAdbppCsJNr5yIKM5xGVjce2DsTcO
YRjg+xtmOC7pNo1AQxc90k/TTUZ5VT8tBarSyiCqM1hY7BRhafHfT/+9csAagYhm
Q/X57MtLfH8B11zZE6mPb0VjBXg1ZqYNHx5MAkdMikfeEq3PCrE3xT9mWfV9Fq1t
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-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
A.2.2. Transferable Public Key
Here is the corresponding Transferable Public Key for Appendix A.2.1
consisting of:
* A v6 ML-DSA-65+Ed25519 Public-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Public-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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DfhzHPE1WZQHqPWiRKUZ+of7sJ4LUWxmDDFBiXsAzMfldTl/dFC/sYgt2IZBJP4G
6TLtdenYgAZYRNWUsXw+pRrJfYpAoYB5mCbBd+JMAnaO+xyPz2HC2WGLLIjTlA9U
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RJ8dsTtubMA4tILwClF6vs3PcVtghYPEoTWbD7qcJT+N451ZhlqFzTdH3AqMAyKh
kq3a0DO6svnT6FaHvZe1oWdkqzvMp78HTtpSrbDmCcc7kKjzEUeKKc4M9iQ2c7Tx
5mTLgAwylX5NacDetozs/VZU3cheGOiEyZbhKMjEW54Phkf0Q5VIe7TK4mhuQKha
ZBUgBTqpOLbYDVahxSwt9/zSeN5klL66+c0sLf7zp8Vmp28a9zbWGtqaA7z9bqC9
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ToF11LrmrZj2Yj1sOSW3G1xtuuJxYW9OsPyR7w2h8WuMTBZ1iyG3oPqav5Zabhnz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M88t7khH+LWQhzsokYV/Mt54vHMq01bxA11iNxs3F0n88E7vBGJs8/bqLjA1sohC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-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
A.2.3. Encrypted and Signed Message
Here is a signed message "Testing\n" encrypted to the certificate
Appendix A.2.2 and signed by the secret key Appendix A.2.1:
* A v6 PKESK
* A v2 SEIPD
The hex-encoded mlkemKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
69d5a76ba5c48cac521607a37d3501c6427a410162b3da81bcce912302f33680.
The hex-encoded ecdhKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
3b193f5868838192f7728ec59a4d4719a01c0984881ad9377cb1ce57d692ca06.
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The hex-encoded output of multiKeyCombine is
fd86a366e4e5acfbb759aedc34b3777ab98a7a8aa4750516c2f9cbd858d37950.
The hex-encoded session key is
ce374c24da35bfe1b351593d139f89f0c50805382ccc3d724bac721bdafc4e14.
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----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MhS6k+BVp0HzWaU5F4Wa2Z182a8YdJj/F0B+WSWJxkDkAHOSB8WyZLgu9VYKrvIE
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FmWsCzBivnFw9x4j/hLJiQPHM3AjWjGoay4Zd6ijVS5Z8n3gglEzZ/CsbMPLBPuK
M+SK5vrXwHutV+aEna2C/W5k0CE3druxR8WxmuOBdLqhEFcxBEvidArCLnqkxS0b
szDgLzVUKTF7dTaqddgWbkKfEUdCQueAoM9t48ScIKSN0LX8sxrJb+lwUEumX8/E
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4DE7dBctjMTsIyKa2yd/jEEUIXvsX7wFD93sCKIYsqbRWf/1WBCBjQmy9+BQovd9
LHU+TI7fuFRFrls2T1U8HZlUHhCNizJTL2EygeMVs+3o2kEN+3NWKEkTPC8/xPYT
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demvKbhlqwmdbShXPcEPPPnWdkSTG0mD43TehSJEP66tbh9Md4ftyTsPdSfrazFt
XBh4N4OYQV5M9wSh8QTGnNTh1Gve0282zJGYp25iicMw7PI+ncYCdZyQD3b2OiYN
ruwmNLWhHZEGV556fG3dKktDUeyzQOYFU/OudW4uQRYB627unbWlW9RvuMyTwKno
oziRV2DoUmAw+vrV6glLwU7+dA5ZF44Ik6YkOW6gbU09gM9UhxTXeJaMoX6WFqdm
yUy59f0DF4DjoqOs/O/NeMXAajpDowRXiggWIrzc8amJ8pOwyouza/eDviI9Firl
KEcFacKQn8nxl1Fsse6V5jpyLn3R1y1M77goy/GGGwh8ilsl3TaDm9PG1waanju/
AhzRlpNKEZoqB+f8E45OreVA9b9xjUoDBv57GmbXE7mFNFWzt6z7tTKN7cJDNGqY
bqzbiAjVqwI1BSsMK00UO/Qdq1xbJlOtLwpbBUl2J8E5mNXax9PGdLbg4BiEINW4
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PrBFnInQJR0vcMjHS2BFnR/9znBHLJqo36vWVus1aM5qjaDdItE9BzQnWtVv5IBW
2FCYskkjuYDPO9LyeL7+AEV44DAIoblCDCnUgN9FCdbDVEUt2hcSFGQliV1Lfjq1
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rFua1pkKDvP0b6ByW8+zDwv4l5VPyCa9QRL7k4rznFaag97bWTfF2gZUO9OtNX0J
0z5nIsnwyaturPDQ+XRufFvT/Cuf84BLURpOjkpoChESAh7la+LmisrY1616XP/3
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HILX/LLCVWwpmHw2YMSz+3u1IfO6JoQ5LXHYzLOaXP4jwsJek4x/UQGzVNwErXqW
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qNDy4J67R4f4XDkikuvlIrr7qegxaUQgOxBXYqv/q7q+bPTvrqeCrQwNcwxcXb3A
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iP/ar/4syfhlj356JfpIrrFJHIf6PJP3d7++4SoUInPxFTo4lwD/7svP9bGOP7oF
c7s6gmsE4DWTT1D1mmYFCUfl7400FozHrf2b/lBNJAH/LcVn7i+qM5404qclQDUr
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PFv/e/LHiRI+ylhn9S838h6SnrQg1yKEoxYadK14UfKB/4T3V05doUN6y6ijPIz8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0CF+NSXVnqQZuqRz6YRwSZS5QUZcAuowzcCKW21FTXF5Bfhgm3tdRhqZ1yRPVBfS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-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
A.3. Sample ML-DSA-87+Ed448 with ML-KEM-1024+X448 Data
A.3.1. Transferable Secret Key
Here is a Transferable Secret Key consisting of:
* A v6 ML-DSA-87+Ed448 Private-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-1024+X448 Private-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
The primary key has the fingerprint
ead878caeab3ae40d724cbc913777028e5f0809d393f796f710b7331c49a8ab1.
The subkey has the fingerprint
d1caef1274b00ede8ce21575250621f96152d4a9aa68b400579be98b4fa0ca68.
-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 59]
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 60]
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 66]
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-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
A.3.2. Transferable Public Key
Here is the corresponding Transferable Public Key for Appendix A.3.1
consisting of:
* A v6 ML-DSA-87+Ed448 Public-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-1024+X448 Public-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 68]
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 69]
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RJFx5Vn+VgasL0/EzDzaJDjcu/j1gwATsbPAXh/S1I5X33yhUvKB9sfCu/hDqAwF
hghZTv6HZ29CX/0/tr85n9+0br6BrWzjc2eBSNM+gLZ5NewLpmfzim0hd88wFZfT
ebPGGLFKcer5CfyaSQ10sK7awiz4f6hTSgm6RfGaA6E9vPP68krzPuxyDcvgtFJZ
7zzrRLf+qwT3ZxAKWP8XhC9yjj02H9U4IEqzvto1LaG56DtSUgdwc4d8jtSmJoN0
I+NR1vbMSAH8asD+Z/bvOEYkUn7kxAc8U5Oluunw+UaGh5W35hcoQVRm7QVDU1yK
r7DI5TpiuL79DyAuQU1WWWqJrLK4v83ZDxM9hpqf1NX4+f4DSVCInKav0vQAAAAA
AAkPFR4jMj1G
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
A.3.3. Encrypted and Signed Message
Here is a signed message "Testing\n" encrypted to the certificate
Appendix A.3.2 and signed by the secret key Appendix A.3.1:
* A v6 PKESK
* A v2 SEIPD
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 76]
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The hex-encoded mlkemKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
d45ee2034337bf424e3541f06d480e7d3adf27732ca0e39a4469b4420fac20d6.
The hex-encoded ecdhKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is c38db9ecccc9
83a69978deb54668634d1d5f86ba326de34fbdbbc76fe5d0b442fbbbe952dbe86ddce
23cdf2c2acd57802421eb3fb27239b6.
The hex-encoded output of multiKeyCombine is
d9bc00d8604364aba52cb46bdd30a99f36878c847694f9b87a03ae901fa7abde.
The hex-encoded session key is
670c31af0c5224a9d590584c23679cb643860716225e4802fba5db93785a66d8.
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
wcXlBiEG0crvEnSwDt6M4hV1JQYh+WFS1KmqaLQAV5vpi0+gymhq0bzomAhsD+RT
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Fp1nVXgLzZXH+tnGnGq9DKzWu0bcA4WYy9tF3NM+bVGbR1lcN8vlgP+ZWRVa5oU0
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o56lrQ5tB62EDja5l6q/4/LnX1PC4GdoJiscUCNZmIQy5WgBXijII+++6kwCXAgN
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xIp4CnTTgyooe9mS6MzFBcy2REhuhnWgUWLmfNDT0QYn3xJ7pxWx47SMO/OZ92aG
lO1k94l0lm3sGdqnrllNAMxF4vOAuyY9IQkEc+nwg08vkn1M5oNe0koXh2lp4WiX
2RhxhA6pAIVYJiJ24wTVEZtXeTJXwRAtHze3OQqcxMYu1k7vlpZBE7r+jF1Ggc6L
8B6jFDZ8yaLISPj3/2IInDraYTUrZVBEa0nr8sLw3TVjTCM1Qg3kSyV3lTTCqyjw
YWcxhMqGVbXfHdHTy421Q7XAzZysj/mwvRFAFlGhqSLk7iWhOcirTWngVYQ7uvTA
Dnll/EoKAUW93k7CZ8nPtegNP3FnpHviDj2h4AJftvTBcxhzSIIgcL5pz2wklMTm
PWIlvphMxCaCUjiiJP1Kich5gTCyoy/ahUxPa2o8knjAGVq8rodBv8rAJtv1/kct
q+VDAS0DtzPP9nbH0olCP50xRMrX0xNHT/TGU4P2GmSvckq8Deo10NNFUitv8gXt
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 77]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
wEMOs/4utRLd1rmK0H7p2xsVOEvXKSAeHQJgcKUZD6c0zBrDa3oSv4VzTn1AaL90
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MM68K06Atk/QJGJhcAeEiQ4bJ0B5op9tKOn5XRIRsLmqNpJkKZj/CftmY/2RhWqh
lq42b9+VMumrA9mOqh1opHHnZ8qwUvd+K4IZGn9INp+oInNDf+FI53uFVo2H+mLk
Eije0vfnax4vIuv8o+ff6FCA4j+WVBDieBcKjqC9oIzJn3GXfrXRdUhof5iDEEuh
ywrQhmh0Q6JLjycH1QYd6JnfWNstG7OVopjMiIDg7Lu/XlmudUE6+7HkJ6IoN3KG
cdz6d2ZLnyY8kaTBqvC9/xv132ApTsISJ4VjWIqtxknVgICXV7mDYRmJF6EcS1kZ
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2XWMbEsPfQ8XB3AcICZzLREeSA98/OEUoN/ZhwcHv9m0Y+57k3wFTxthp3vgu46N
6eXMUor2YOiKJYEzgKEHfuTsTloi3fM7m/nXRJiH8dY586/pmoM0ycj0hozgsRAu
SVjd4QZdHB5IdgOTQmViBFnJzQNDsFznEYFBz4iigi8g9PEekGzbQlW+ln1JI3D4
lw0CcJW8p7qoaFWcpU3FYoWYoKR9VCd6c0VWWYQoPa7ANJnFWGjUxt56QOO6+v5n
VM40VlwY1pAe9vqrSo7ROMHuHKAJeb76DZ8qzs+rWVMomsQS8L8rhEgDExqdNXXN
LwO6sUNqxB2aWw6eRxUFUIQSQWtUxEfmCuHI89SAM3opbHLBXRWOgf2C5N0D+m2v
mSid2Hoc4kafutP7w5oVP/D97UaocuNmiZt0NwYScMI0VCjxCygUQNT7yNyC9TAT
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bw7GaMgu3fZMwrO3XWhZUxRdXUn/bEa84wFTzGn1nBdmJxAm0ZO6dRyY4NdSOEYY
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 78]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
P86Ihv3mGMIIm44W50xF6dVKr0PWSyPOrkOoPmLQuh02bznGJE/iSeBP2SIOQvq0
2mmdzZPI5pTPn0tmF4sbxBGgt5S4m37Xuz3tyKehizq4AmhLc1Dm+beyc4dAppNm
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o4Ks7Gfps0H8vCsfcqyeyM5FbAMGc24puU8oK1xdFkjvPUEQlMBCBLa8gx2z4GtP
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In5Q/kOUHN/YkkTT0PE47Fsw6gW3f/ZEuLbu7s7m8MzRMJXknZ988YWoQbPHBUOL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miJlpeU30iGHPtXY++woeQa8fmpzxvM2I7iMDxZp0glDUk1gxLv2pjoiOpKrSPIp
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1QBfEKWa1Xax4Xe13nhLs93qKnyMmKuMCpzraLLY6OwBvKCKl6GpPn/LXGXWGseI
QC087r2CbUC7lVLDyn0LqGlLSCv7aPVvcjx1uSI5bdVxbzFBWAxp7rO0ggy67XkG
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k1mHhVU9zDo29oA5UynVGhA8VrHHFlV+0T/PywiJijjha9hA1iMtkWIZhgrESGgs
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Rxhen+DItLsti01WSEcJqkyzO6uonLxpXGN7mHXKM5UEywP/vD2kwPeSkMV+M9ii
04RrYBRFKZlwP1L6lf3Lk7xaY43DI1EEfP5Br7N1HgQUwsP6XiLuYyWmeCCVsVy3
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t6JzNcHjjgW0r/bt5q5jbH3VO+PR4wQOwMumyX/V3tS3ARBMHLvAM9gHaUN9K2dP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eCivUH1CKvYmaseJYjHOYl4InrZPltUKdhbwHneFPTk8fzquHr621J8s+bw2fWvs
ex8KNyO6tA7o9E+CQRhUtHfcyjCG/6RDu6VzyATqIf4JRrPX2UAd2yhG8cdN9WnT
X6nUG/3JkxAO1VQ3BjkG2kxD2D0gh4PAQs9ZbqhionVL+XorgjUS+5oY9D4WDb0x
/5PMfxq+b2VnM8Fpvthvku55MOJgwBuCX69/wugfoOUmhxU9AeRqfIa08ymG6ZM3
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 79]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
PGOJ01gJmBAo+Nin0dVJb23F7DIpPV1qFlXCIqo2MGjUJBdeYdihKJ0mBiarEWTC
yOnqwzN4/4Zkp4QKhRI7sgs6VS1M9mytAAiNp+RZB1AOzbC1SrfeNkShep0ejkPv
spBMS09/pkwH5zoXniRtheQFDafRylbCYaqbUaadvxVqDgBSyun1wsVxzMqfxbRE
76yyo8reiVbvQ6uKTklNdke8VZ4zT1VBu/bNBEp50Yo9hKEDowh0RhCmtREA93GH
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BBO076spszMgfvjQ8L4etzMDd6ZliEfSIxZm2J8Wv+6d4fNRSZvHSYmp9/HiF7xj
KcrkB+hnx6DScKzgfmivkSbgwB8zMfQv4moQ3UBGoTw+hrRo24lyGHhN9mbFENB3
3SN+UqqfFFht1OUjDguZyC5+/jgCb0UPf+zNxNvE1AtoU46kXIuZ4tYdm0DlyHII
qhSVZJwVv4cYFbqdhHXlKVX75Qpuq406htm/9qwSB9q6JfHNKd2Ek70ZB1+zOuXM
F/gMMe93dxT7j3Qchbsy3kezFF8qktDdJUDpyL0I/qkdfivN6WvCIR+IlFMzH3eA
a/4lTvamnq21mnAonnvmPLv/mljUTh8zlb8pcx2k90Z2pt+Jc3SSu96DuLXc/NeY
tjRfiOLyEbBRP5Y=
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
A.4. Sample SLH-DSA-128s+Ed448 with ML-KEM-768+X25519 Data
A.4.1. Transferable Secret Key
Here is a Transferable Secret Key consisting of:
* A v6 SLH-DSA-128s Private-Key packet
* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Private-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
The primary key has the fingerprint
2e7216dacc6d1c0896901f50eff94d6c071ed7fa246f0cb547f10e22f21896b1.
The subkey has the fingerprint
1adc9f55f5223a78948522a0f4d1b29aff2ed651d3fa56e234249402000ace41.
-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----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, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 80]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
FEN46u7lvJfcFHFT0/GjQivwIttlCm8E9OssRHd5LByJwT73GtYtKKEEfJZr2/rQ
5ToVGPOgVUx30zLQ6tHImohbXoA5UR/ttDoyekgHF6pE9Xqor+5WW2HZGaMeVXyl
j6G8k4lT5oX4nFumZg6G0B2VVDzpAs3I1subsfEbBv3kiA/HYosJxaL41GHx1Nhk
uyGyUVJpZFpmb/8oH5070fEohiver6dQSe6fAvDulgD2FblzcnHs8FpfNdNU6hlu
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z9A3ATf16xhbOA==
-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
A.4.2. Transferable Public Key
Here is the corresponding Transferable Public Key for Appendix A.4.1
consisting of:
* A v6 SLH-DSA-128s Public-Key packet
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 91]
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* A v6 direct key self-signature
* A User ID packet
* A v6 positive certification self-signature
* A v6 ML-KEM-768+X25519 Public-Subkey packet
* A v6 subkey binding signature
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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NCpNB3nZf3x/757SRrKW5+zoJLEOrCQXvdL9RzOGREGwXoilAM8SQ65JllBflqA2
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 92]
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Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 93]
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-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
A.4.3. Encrypted and Signed Message
Here is a signed message "Testing\n" encrypted to the certificate
Appendix A.4.2 and signed by the secret key Appendix A.4.1:
* A v6 PKESK
* A v2 SEIPD
The hex-encoded mlkemKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
dc96c3899e9bb3394e360f3f0587576f411c1fe20d536921a208c46121ed709d.
The hex-encoded ecdhKeyShare input to multiKeyCombine is
16dab4605b17b8096b7c601164fdd1bdc173e5f396dce29e61a994ad61199848.
The hex-encoded output of multiKeyCombine is
baae7950649bcf6df658aae624066da1cb06f06a0b312037abf0b610eee4f8cc.
The hex-encoded session key is
348581a5a5fea23586dfb428c1911ed903fc4affaacca42b50f5a4c165fa8a98.
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
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-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Daniel Huigens and Evangelos Karatsiolis for the early
review and feedback on this document.
Authors' Addresses
Stavros Kousidis
BSI
Germany
Email: kousidis.ietf@gmail.com
Johannes Roth
MTG AG
Germany
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 106]
Internet-Draft PQC in OpenPGP February 2025
Email: johannes.roth@mtg.de
Falko Strenzke
MTG AG
Germany
Email: falko.strenzke@mtg.de
Aron Wussler
Proton AG
Switzerland
Email: aron@wussler.it
Kousidis, et al. Expires 10 August 2025 [Page 107]